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<title>Amphitheatre</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphitheatre</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Amphitheatre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amphitheatre (disambiguation)">Amphitheatre (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p>An <b>amphitheatre</b> (<a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a>: <b>amphitheater</b>) is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term derives from the <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">ἀμφιθέατρον</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">amphitheatron</i></span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">ἀμφί</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">amphi</i></span></i>), meaning "on both sides" or "around"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-style: normal;">θέατρον</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">théātron</i></span></i>), meaning "place for viewing".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ancient Greek <a href="Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theatres</a> were typically built on hillsides and semi-circular in design. The first amphitheatre may have been built at Pompeii around 70 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient <a href="Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Roman amphitheatres</a> were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air <a href="Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a>. In contrast, both ancient Greek and ancient <a href="Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatres</a> were built in a <a href="Semicircle" title="Semicircle">semicircle</a>, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area.

</p><p>Modern English parlance uses "amphitheatre" for any structure with sloping seating, including <a href="Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theatre-style</a> stages with spectator seating on only one side, <a href="Theatre_in_the_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in the round">theatres in the round</a>, and <a href="Stadium" title="Stadium">stadia</a>. They can be indoor or outdoor.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_amphitheatres">Roman amphitheatres</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Roman amphitheatre</a></div>

<p>About <a href="List_of_Roman_amphitheatres" title="List of Roman amphitheatres">230 Roman amphitheatres</a> have been found across the area of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Their typical shape, functions and name distinguish them from <a href="Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatres</a>, which are more or less semicircular in shape; from the <a href="Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circuses</a> (similar to <a href="Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodromes</a>) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events; and from the smaller <a href="Stadium" title="Stadium">stadia</a>, which were primarily designed for <a href="Sport" title="Sport">athletics</a> and footraces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomgardner372_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomgardner372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Roman amphitheatres were circular or oval in plan, with a central <a href="Arena" title="Arena">arena</a> surrounded by perimeter seating tiers. The seating tiers were pierced by entrance-ways controlling access to the arena floor, and isolating it from the audience. Temporary wooden structures functioning as amphitheaters would have been erected for the funeral games held in honour of deceased Roman <a href="Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> by their heirs, featuring fights to the death by <a href="Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a>, usually armed prisoners of war, at the funeral pyre or tomb of the deceased. These games are described in Roman histories as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Munera_(ancient_Rome)" title="Munera (ancient Rome)">munera</a></i></span></i>, gifts, entertainments or duties to honour deceased individuals, Rome's gods and the Roman community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some Roman writers interpret the earliest attempts to provide permanent amphitheaters and seating for the lower classes as populist political graft, rightly blocked by the <a href="Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> as morally objectionable; too-frequent, excessively "luxurious" <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">munera</i></span></i> would corrode traditional Roman morals. The provision of permanent seating was thought a particularly objectionable luxury.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The earliest permanent, stone and timber Roman amphitheatre with perimeter seating was built in the <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a></span></span> in 29 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were built under Imperial rule, from the <a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> period (27 BCE–14 CE) onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomgardner59_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomgardner59-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman Empire, especial in provincial capitals and major colonies, as an essential aspect of <i><a href="Romanitas" title="Romanitas">Romanitas</a></i>. There was no standard size; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators. The most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were decorated with <a href="Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> and statuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomgardner62_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomgardner62-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known and largest Roman amphitheatre is the <a href="Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> in <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Amphitheatrum Flavium</i></span></i>), after the <a href="Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> who had it built. After the ending of gladiatorial games in the 5th century and of staged animal hunts in the 6th, most amphitheatres fell into disrepair. Their materials were mined or recycled. Some were razed, and others were converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places; in some of these, churches were sited.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomgardner201_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomgardner201-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_amphitheatres">Modern amphitheatres</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_contemporary_amphitheatres" title="List of contemporary amphitheatres">List of contemporary amphitheatres</a></div>

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<p>In modern english usage of the word, an amphitheatre is not only a circular, but can also be a semicircular or curved performance space, particularly one located outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary amphitheatres often include standing structures, called <a href="Bandshell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandshell">bandshells</a>, sometimes curved or bowl-shaped, both behind the stage and behind the audience, creating an area which echoes or amplifies sound, making the amphitheatre ideal for musical or theatrical performances. Small-scale amphitheatres can serve to host outdoor local community performances.

</p><p>Notable modern amphitheatres include the <a href="Shoreline_Amphitheatre" title="Shoreline Amphitheatre">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a>, the <a href="Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a> and the <a href="Aula_Magna_(Stockholm_University)" title="Aula Magna (Stockholm University)">Aula Magna</a> at Stockholm University. The term "amphitheatre" is also used for some indoor venues, such as the (by now demolished) <a href="Gibson_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Amphitheatre">Gibson Amphitheatre</a> and Chicago <a href="International_Amphitheatre" title="International Amphitheatre">International Amphitheatre</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_amphitheatres">Natural amphitheatres</h2></div>

<p>A natural amphitheatre is a performance space located in a spot where a steep mountain or a particular rock formation naturally amplifies or echoes sound, making it ideal for musical and theatrical performances. An amphitheatre can be naturally occurring formations which would be ideal for this purpose, even if no theatre has been constructed there.

</p><p>Notable natural amphitheatres include the <a href="Amphitheatre_(Drakensberg)" title="Amphitheatre (Drakensberg)">Drakensberg Amphitheatre</a> in <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="Slane_Castle" title="Slane Castle">Slane Castle</a> in <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="Meredith_Music_Festival" title="Meredith Music Festival">Supernatural Amphitheatre</a> in <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and the <a href="Red_Rocks_Amphitheatre" title="Red Rocks Amphitheatre">Red Rocks</a> and <a href="The_Gorge_Amphitheatre" title="The Gorge Amphitheatre">the Gorge</a> Amphitheatres in the western <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.

</p><p>There is evidence that the <a href="Anasazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anasazi">Anasazi</a> people used natural amphitheatres for the public performance of music in <a href="Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a> times including a large constructed performance space in <a href="Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a>, <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Odeon_(building)" title="Odeon (building)">Odeon (building)</a></li>

<li><a href="Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li>

<li>Ancient theatres

<ul><li><a href="Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre of ancient Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">List of ancient Greek theatres</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li>

<li><a href="Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thingplatz</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Roman_amphitheatres" title="List of Roman amphitheatres">List of Roman amphitheatres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_contemporary_amphitheatres" title="List of contemporary amphitheatres">List of contemporary amphitheatres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_indoor_arenas" title="List of indoor arenas">List of indoor arenas</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Tournier, <i>Le coq de bruyère</i>, W. D. Redfern, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1996, p. 69</span>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i> (1 ed.). Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated. 2006. p. 64. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781593394929</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Da%29mfiqe%2Fatron">ἀμφιθέατρον</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Peseus</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29mfi%2F">ἀμφί</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A199975579579579.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dqe%2Fatron">θέατρον</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoad1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T.F. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00tfho/page/14"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00tfho/page/14">14, 489</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-283098-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrout" class="citation web cs1">Grout, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/amphitheatrum.html">"The amphitheater at Pompeii"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Romana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bomgardner372-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bomgardner372_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bomgardner, 37.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, Hazel, <i>Amphitheaters in the Roman World</i>, pp.545-553, Ch. 37 in "Blackwell companions to the Ancient World", edited by Christesen, P & Kyle, Donald, Wiley Blackwell, 2014</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i>, 128; Livy, <i>Perochiae</i>, 48.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKyle2017" class="citation book cs1">Kyle, Donald G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwJLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">"Ancient Greek and Roman Sport"</a>. In Edelman, Robert; Wilson, Wayne (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i>. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 89. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199858910.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.001.0001</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-985891-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bomgardner59-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bomgardner59_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bomgardner, 59.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bomgardner62-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bomgardner62_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bomgardner, 62.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bomgardner201-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bomgardner201_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bomgardner, 201–223.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia2006" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopaedia, B. I. (4 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=361914"><i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i></a> (1 ed.). Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated. p. 64. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781593394929</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLoose2008" class="citation journal cs1">Loose, Richard W. (March 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175169608783489080">"Tse'Biinaholts'a Yalti (Curved Rock That Speaks)"</a></span>. <i>Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>49. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175169608783489080">10.2752/175169608783489080</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-696X">1751-696X</a> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre" class="extiw external" title="commons:Amphitheatre"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Amphitheatre</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/amphitheatre" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBomgardner2000" class="citation book cs1">Bomgardner, David Lee (October 2000). <i>The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre</i>. <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-16593-8</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Infrastructure222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li>

<li><a href="Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li>

<li><a href="Drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li>

<li><a href="Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li>

<li><a href="Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Skyway" title="Skyway">Skyway</a></li>

<li><a href="Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a></li>

<li><a href="Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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